You'd need to write some code to do it, but it wouldn't be hard.
To get a list of all the menuitems on your Joomla site you can do:
use Joomla\CMS\Factory;
$app = Factory::getApplication();
$sitemenu = $app->getMenu();
$menuitems = $sitemenu->getItems(array(), array());
Then you can cycle through the $menuitems
examining the query
property which is an array with values something like array("option" => "com_content", "view" => "article", "id" => "123")
.
So you could write an administrator module to do what you want.
Inside the module look for the case where an administrator is editing an article, indicated by your URL parameters being something like ?option=com_content&view=article&layout=edit&id=123
. Then run the code above, look for where the query
property has the appropriate values, and matches the id
of the URL parameter, and then output the title
for each matching menuitem.
You can find a guide to the menuitems API here, and on that page there is sample module code to get you started.