I worked extensively in Joomla 1.0.15 version and developed multiple extensions. Also, I continued my developed in Joomla 1.5.x But, my developed discontinued after this release. Now, I want to start my development again with Joomla 3.x. I can see that Joomla has made multiple enhancement like MVC, responsive template, workflow and many more.
I will provide the list of my bookmarked links and a list with links for Joomla Development Books, with various resources all around Joomla Development. I hope they will be useful for anyone interested:
I can recommend the official doc page. There is a section for developers which includes also tutorials. http://docs.joomla.org/Portal:Developers
David Hurley is currently doing a series of short videos which explain how to develop various things. http://dbhurley.com/jd101-joomla-development-tutorial-series/
The API page is a good ressource as well. http://api.joomla.org/
That should help get you started.
Previous answers are comprehensive about Joomla Core MVC. As an alternative MVC for Joomla, FOF
https://www.akeebabackup.com/documentation/fof/introducing-fof.html#what-is-fof
What is FOF
FOF (Framework on Framework) is a rapid application development framework for Joomla!. Unlike other frameworks it is not standalone. It extends the Joomla! Platform instead of replacing it, featuring its own forked and extended version of the MVC classes, keeping a strong semblance to the existing Joomla! MVC API. This means that you don't have to relearn writing Joomla! extensions. Instead, you can start being productive from the first day you're using it. Our goal is to always support the officially supported LTS versions of Joomla! and not break backwards compatibility without a clear deprecation and migration path.
FOF is compatible with the database technologies used by Joomla! itself: MySQL, SQL Server (and Windows Azure SQL), PostgreSQL. In most cases you can write a component in one database server technology and have it run on the other database server technologies with minimal or no effort.
FOF is currently used by free and commercial components for Joomla! by an increasing number of developers.
If you are looking for a sample mvc component developed in joomla3 you can view this link having several samples component with admin and site, with acl or without acl, with all form field types.
