There is not a standard form field for articles, but there is the SQL field which allows querying the database and returns a dropdown list with the results, which could be sufficient for a simple implementation.
There is a really helpful documentation page for it with many examples: https://docs.joomla.org/SQL_form_field_type
Example XML field definition:
<field
name="articleid"
type="sql"
default=""
label="Select an article"
query="SELECT id, title FROM #__content"
key_field="id"
value_field="title"
/>
Then later in your module, you will have the articleid by the module's parameters. You can load the article like so:
$article_id = $params->get('articleid');
$article = JTable::getInstance("content");
$article->load($article_id);
//var_dump($article);
//this is the whole article object you have loaded.
// You can echo properties like so:
echo $article->title;
echo $article->introtext;